Introduction to Linux Operating System

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Introduction to Linux Operating System

Linux is one of the most popular versions of the UNIX operating system. It is open-source, meaning its source code is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. Linux was designed to be compatible with UNIX and provides similar functionality and features. Because it is free and flexible, Linux is widely used in servers, desktops, and embedded systems.

This article introduces the basic components, architecture, and features of the Linux operating system in a simple and easy-to-understand way.

Components of the Linux System

The Linux operating system mainly consists of three important components:

1. Kernel

The kernel is the core part of the Linux operating system. It is responsible for managing system resources and performing major tasks.

Key responsibilities of the kernel include:

  • Managing hardware devices
  • Controlling memory usage
  • Managing processes
  • Handling system calls
  • Providing security and protection

The kernel interacts directly with the hardware and provides an abstraction layer so that applications do not need to understand hardware-level details.

2. System Libraries

System libraries are special programs or functions that allow application programs to communicate with the kernel.

These libraries:

  • Provide access to kernel features
  • Implement many operating system functions
  • Help applications perform low-level operations
  • Do not require direct access to kernel code

Applications use system libraries to request services from the operating system.

3. System Utilities

System utilities are programs that perform specific and specialized tasks.

Examples include:

  • File management tools
  • Disk utilities
  • System monitoring tools
  • User management tools

These utilities provide most of the practical functionality that users interact with daily.



 

Kernel Mode vs User Mode

Linux uses two main modes of operation to ensure security and efficiency:

Kernel Mode

Kernel mode is a privileged mode where the kernel runs with full access to system resources.

Characteristics:

  • Full access to hardware
  • Executes in a single address space
  • High performance
  • No context switching required
  • Controls system processes
  • Provides system services

The kernel manages processes and provides protected access to hardware.

User Mode

User mode is where application programs and system utilities run.

Characteristics:

  • No direct hardware access
  • Restricted access to system resources
  • Uses system libraries to communicate with the kernel
  • Safer and more secure environment

User programs depend on system libraries to perform low-level tasks through the kernel.

Basic Features of Linux

Linux provides many powerful features that make it a widely used operating system.

1. Portable

Linux is portable, meaning it can run on different types of hardware platforms without major changes. The Linux kernel and applications can be installed on various hardware systems.

2. Open Source

Linux is open-source software, and its source code is freely available. Developers around the world contribute to improving Linux, making it a continuously evolving system.

3. Multi-User

Linux supports multiple users working on the system simultaneously.

Multiple users can access:

  • Memory
  • Applications
  • Files
  • System resources

4. Multiprogramming

Linux supports multiprogramming, allowing multiple applications to run at the same time.

This improves CPU utilization and system efficiency.

5. Hierarchical File System

Linux uses a hierarchical file system where files and directories are organized in a tree-like structure.

This structure helps in:

  • Easy file management
  • Better organization
  • Efficient storage

6. Shell

The shell is a command interpreter that allows users to interact with the operating system.

The shell:

  • Accepts user commands
  • Executes programs
  • Runs scripts
  • Accesses kernel services

7. Security

Linux provides strong security features including:

  • User authentication
  • Password protection
  • File permissions
  • Controlled access
  • Data encryption


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Linux Operating System Architecture

The Linux architecture consists of several layers that work together to make the operating system function efficiently.

1. Hardware Layer

The hardware layer includes all physical components of the computer such as:

  • CPU
  • RAM
  • Hard disk
  • Input/output devices

This layer forms the foundation of the Linux system.

2. Kernel Layer

The kernel sits directly above the hardware.

It:

  • Communicates with hardware devices
  • Manages system resources
  • Provides low-level services
  • Controls processes and memory

The kernel is the most important part of the operating system.

3. Shell Layer

The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel.

It:

  • Accepts user commands
  • Interprets commands
  • Executes kernel functions
  • Hides kernel complexity from users

4. Utility Layer

Utilities provide most of the functionalities of the operating system.

These programs allow users to:

  • Manage files
  • Monitor the system
  • Run applications
  • Perform administrative tasks

Conclusion

Linux is a powerful, flexible, and secure operating system that follows the design principles of UNIX. Its open-source nature and strong community support make it one of the most widely used operating systems in the world.

With components like the kernel, system libraries, and utilities, Linux provides efficient resource management and reliable performance. Its layered architecture ensures stability, security, and flexibility, making Linux suitable for beginners as well as professionals.


By

SWETHAN B (23UCA042)

III BCA

 

RAJKUMAR M 

Asst.Professor in BCA


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